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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts, and experiences the world. Experts agree that autism does not have a single cause. Instead, it develops through a mix of genetic and environmental factors, many of which can begin before birth.
The Role of Genetics
Research shows that genetics play a major role in autism. If there is a family history of autism, the chances may be higher. However, genes alone cannot explain all cases, which is why scientists also study pregnancy-related influences.
Pregnancy-Related Factors Linked to Autism
1. Certain Medications
One of the strongest findings is related to valproate, a medicine used to treat epilepsy and some mood disorders. If taken during pregnancy, it can increase the risk of autism and other developmental difficulties in children.
2. Maternal Infections
Serious infections during pregnancy, such as influenza or viral illnesses, may trigger immune responses that affect the developing baby’s brain. This process is called maternal immune activation.
3. Diabetes and Obesity
Mothers who have diabetes (before or during pregnancy) or obesity may have a slightly higher chance of having a child with autism. Researchers believe this may be linked to inflammation and metabolic changes during pregnancy.
4. Complications in Pregnancy or Birth
Preterm birth, very low birth weight, or oxygen problems during delivery have been associated with increased autism risk.
5. Older Parental Age
Children born to older mothers or fathers may have a higher likelihood of autism. This may be due to genetic changes that happen with age.
6. Environmental Exposures
Exposure to high levels of air pollution, heavy metals, or pesticides during pregnancy has been studied as a possible risk factor. While results vary, many scientists believe these exposures may contribute to risk when combined with other factors.
7. Nutrition
Good nutrition during pregnancy seems to play a protective role. For example, folic acid before and during pregnancy is linked to a reduced risk of autism and also prevents serious birth defects.
8. Other Medications
Antidepressants (such as SSRIs) have been studied, but findings are mixed. Some studies suggested a small link, while others showed no clear connection after accounting for the mother’s mental health.
When to See a Psychologist
Parents may feel worried if their child shows early differences in development. It is helpful to consult a psychologist if a child:
- Avoids eye contact or social interaction.
- Has delayed speech or limited use of gestures.
- Repeats behaviors or has very restricted interests.
- Becomes extremely distressed with small changes in routine.
- Does not respond to their name or seems “in their own world.”
Early consultation does not mean a diagnosis will always be made — but it allows professionals to observe, screen, and provide guidance.
How a Psychologist Can Help
- Early Identification: Psychologists can carry out developmental assessments to clarify whether behaviors are part of autism or another developmental pathway.
- Therapy and Support: Evidence-based therapies, such as behavioral interventions, play therapy, and social skills training, can help children build communication and independence.
- Parental Guidance: Parents learn practical strategies to support their child at home, manage behaviors, and reduce stress in the family.
- Collaboration with Schools: Psychologists can work with teachers to create learning environments that support a child’s unique needs.
- Emotional Support: Families often feel anxious or overwhelmed. Psychologists also support parents emotionally as they adjust and plan for the future.
- Rocket Health connects families with qualified psychologists and healthcare providers online, making early screening and therapy more accessible. Parents can seek professional guidance, schedule consultations, and receive ongoing support without the barriers of travel or long waiting times. This timely access helps children get the care they need at the right stage
Important to Remember
- These prenatal factors do not cause autism on their own. They may only increase the likelihood when combined with genetic factors.
- Most pregnancies with risk factors result in children without autism.
- Autism is not caused by vaccines; this has been scientifically disproven.
- Early support from psychologists, doctors, and therapists can make a big difference in outcomes for children.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC.
World Health Organization. (2019). ICD-11: Autism Spectrum Disorder. Geneva: WHO.
Christensen, J., et al. (2013). Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders. JAMA, 309(16), 1696–1703.
Patterson, P. H. (2011). Maternal infection and immune involvement in autism. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 17(7), 389–394.
Ye, W., et al. (2025). Association between maternal diabetes and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E., & Reichenberg, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Molecular Autism, 8(13).
Sandin, S., et al. (2014). The familial risk of autism. JAMA, 311(17), 1770–1777.
Sauer, A. K., et al. (2021). Autism spectrum disorders: Etiology and pathology. In Autism Spectrum Disorders [NCBI Bookshelf].
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